{"id":944,"date":"2010-02-17T19:29:07","date_gmt":"2010-02-18T00:29:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/?p=944"},"modified":"2010-12-17T20:25:21","modified_gmt":"2010-12-18T02:25:21","slug":"sacrifice-by-robert-daly-sj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/index.php\/2010\/02\/17\/sacrifice-by-robert-daly-sj\/","title":{"rendered":"Sacrifice by Robert Daly, SJ"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the article which we promised here<\/a> in which Robert Daly explains his understanding of the eucharistic sacrifice and relates it to the writings of Pope Benedict XVI. – Ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

“Sacrifice\u201d has such a rich array of meanings that it is almost impossible to use it without ambiguity, or even serious misunderstanding. Some suggest that we not use the word. But it\u2019s not going to go away. It is too embedded in ordinary speech, too embedded in the way Roman Catholics think, speak, and argue about the \u201cSacrifice of the Mass.\u201d In ordinary, secular speech and conversation, this plurality of meanings may not be a problem. We know what a football player means when he talks about sacrificing weight for speed, or vice versa. More problematic, perhaps, is when a politician talks about sacrificing this or that in order to balance the budget. Even more problematic, for example, is talk about offering the \u201csupreme sacrifice\u201d in defense of one\u2019s country when one is not in agreement with the purpose or necessity of a given war. Part of the problem is that most uses of the word and concept, including\u2014in some cases very unfortunately\u2014religious uses, involve a \u201ccalculation.\u201d What are you \u201cgiving up\u201d? What are you getting in return? We don\u2019t easily agree on the value of what has to be given up in relation to the value of what we hope to get in return.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0whole point of this\u00a0post is to point out that these general, widespread ideas about \u201csacrifice\u201d which also creep into most religious uses of the word, make it difficult for Christians to understand what true Christian sacrifice really (and ultimately<\/em>) is. Let\u2019s begin with a key question with which we begin to grope toward the heart of the matter. But just as soon as we try to answer this question, we run right up against the impenetrable complexity\/simplicity of Divine Mystery. The question is: \u201cWhat is it that the early Christians, and Christians right up to our own day, have been groping to express when they\/we speak of the Christ-event in sacrificial terms? In that question we are asking: What is God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit doing? We are asking: What are we, members of the Body of Christ\u2014we who \u201cshare in the divinity of Christ\u201d as the priest prays at the Offertory of the Mass\u2014what are we<\/em> doing as the Christ-event takes place in and among us? (And is that \u201cdoing\u201d something that takes place only at Mass, or does it extend to and include all the rest of our lives? Why do we call all this \u201csacrifice\u201d?<\/p>\n

Now if Christian sacrifice really is trinitarian in this sense, then, as in those ominous words so many heard before the death of some astronauts: \u201cHouston: we have a problem.\u201d For the general, secular meaning of sacrifice, the meaning generally so involved with self-serving calculation, that meaning is so pervasive, even in religious discourse, that it overwhelms and effectively veils from us the true, trinitarian, meaning of sacrifice. Can we pull back that veil, even a little bit?<\/p>\n

Outrageous as may seem our claim to be saying something here that earlier ages could not, or at least did not, explicitly say, it is, when you think of it, quite humbling. We are humbly aware that what we now \u201cunderstand,\u201d and at times hold so confidently, may, in the future\u2014and maybe even very soon in the give-and-take of theological conversation\u2014be superseded by deeper, more authentic ways of Christian understanding. It is in that humbling awareness that we now try unveil the true understanding of Christian sacrifice, an understanding that Christians\u2014at least instinctively, i.e., in the Holy Spirit\u2014have always known and always tried to live out in their lives. But it is an understanding that theology has only recently begun to spell out.<\/p>\n

Authentic Christian sacrifice \u201cbegins,\u201d in a kind of first \u201cmoment,\u201d with the loving, self-offering of God the Father in the sending of the Son. As the early Christians gradually came to realize, there is no division\/opposition but total unity in the relationship of the Father and the Son. They are one, as any attentive reader of John\u2019s gospel knows. The Father is neither doing something to the Son nor demanding obedience from the Son in the ways that we humans understand obedience. To illustrate: when feminists reject Christian sacrifice because of the way some have used sacrifice as a means of keeping women in positions of subservience, it is not Christian sacrifice that they are rejecting, but a patriarchal aberration of Christian sacrifice.<\/p>\n

The second \u201cmoment\u201d in Christian sacrifice is the loving, \u201cobedient\u201d self-giving \u201cresponse\u201d of the Son in his humanity and in the power of the Holy Spirit, to the Father and for us. Notice the scare-quotes around \u201cbegins\u201d and \u201cmoment\u201d and \u201cobedient\u201d and \u201cresponse.\u201d Words that attempt, like these, to touch upon the mystery of God, such words will both veil as well as unveil. Although God is the originator of space and time, and (most especially in the Incarnation) the One who \u201cbreaks into\u201d space and time, there are, in any normal, space-time sense, no \u201cmoments\u201d in the life and being of God. So too with the ideas suggested by \u201cobedient\u201d and \u201cobedience,\u201d as I noted in the previous paragraph. So too with \u201cresponse,\u201d a word that suggests a kind of over-against otherness that is not to be found in the mystery of the Trinity.<\/p>\n

The third \u201cmoment,\u201d and only here does Christian sacrifice begin to become real in our lives, is when we, in the power of the same Spirit that was in Jesus<\/em> (no scare-quotes here; this is not metaphorical language), begin to respond to the love of God by incarnating that love in human acts and lives of self-giving love and service. Notice the words \u201cbegin to become\u201d and \u201cbegin to respond.\u201d This picks up on the word \u201cultimately\u201d italicized above at the beginning of our second paragraph. For if Christian sacrifice in us, in our human world, is our trinitarian participation in the sacrifice of Christ, this is indeed something real, indeed something very, very real, but only in a beginning way. It will become ultimately real, i.e., complete, only when we, in our paschal-mystery participation in the trinitarian Christ-event, have, through Christ, passed over, through death, into eternal life.<\/p>\n

Having now, in these few words, pointed toward the mystery of Christian sacrifice, and having been encouraged by many fellow theologians to think that, however imperfect, there is something correct about this \u201cunderstanding\u201d of it, all the rest is in the details. For the love of God is in the details, in the dotting of the \u201ci\u201ds and in the crossing of the \u201ct\u201ds as we test the validity and explore the implications of this \u201cunderstanding.\u201d<\/p>\n

The first \u201cdetail\u201d is really no detail at all but the central Christian mystery, the celebration of the Eucharist, the mystery that Christians, especially in the Catholic tradition, call the Sacrifice of the Mass. \u201cSacrifice of the Mass\u201d is a controversial term, first of all in the 16th-century Protestant Catholic debate in which both sides mistakenly assumed that the essential \u201cform\u201d of sacrifice involved the destruction of a victim. That debate, at least qua debate, was easily won by the Protestants. All they had to do was note that, in his sacrifice, which Catholics insist is present in the Mass, Christ is both the priest and the victim. The Catholics were left standing on their heads trying to explain how, since Christ, the victim, is now in glory and beyond all suffering, the celebration of the Mass could be, as defined in Trent, a \u201ctrue and proper sacrifice.\u201d Happily, this is no longer something about which informed Protestant and Catholic theologians need to argue. One representative Protestant theologian, on becoming aware of the trinitarian understanding of sacrifice expounded here, was heard to exclaim: \u201cIf we had only known this four hundred years ago we could have saved ourselves a lot of trouble.\u201d<\/p>\n

Unhappily, however, debate about the sacrifice of the Mass has now shifted to within Catholicism itself. In necessarily oversimplified terms, the rediscovery of the early forms of the Eucharist as meal events seems, in the minds of many proponents of post Vatican II liturgical reform, to have been identified as the essential \u201cform\u201d of the Mass and the logical base on which various elements of that reform have been built. On the other hand, many, including apparently Pope Benedict XVI, who are upset with this reform of the liturgy, or at least with some of its \u201cexcesses\u201d and \u201cabuses,\u201d want to see the essential \u201cform\u201d of the Mass not in its being a meal but in its being a sacrifice.<\/p>\n

To be blunt, as a brief\u00a0post must be, both of these approaches, if they try to be exclusive approaches, are wrong. In the tradition that we Catholics accept as authentically our own, however difficult to explain and however much or for whatever reasons we may wish to emphasize one aspect over the other, we cannot, whether logically, theologically, or historically, deny that the Eucharist, the Mass, this central Mystery, is both meal and sacrifice. Historically, it was first a meal, growing out of the religious meal-gatherings with which the first Christians \u201cremembered\u201d their risen Lord. Gradually, as the Body of Christ, over several centuries, gave us the \u201cshape\u201d of the Eucharist as we now know it, the meal aspect receded somewhat and was replaced by the sacrifice aspect. But even when the sacrifice aspect was at its height in the Middle Ages, the meal aspect was not forgotten, as witnessed by widespread eucharistic mysticism and the Corpus Christi hymn O sacrum convivium<\/em>. In their reaction, the emphasis the Reformers put on the meal aspect, the \u201cLord\u2019s Supper\u201d was not something new but, among other things of course, a recovery of, a re-emphasis on an essential aspect of the eucharistic mystery that had become somewhat neglected in the Catholic tradition. Theologically, as I have indicated, this is happily no longer a point of division between Catholics and mainstream Protestants.<\/p>\n

But in addition to all this, let me suggest that attempts to identify the essential \u201cform\u201d of the Eucharist, and to argue narrowly from that to what correct ritual celebration and correct liturgical reform should or should not be, is simply mistaken. Such an approach smacks too much of those earlier, \u201cclassical,\u201d but now largely rejected history-of-religions attempts to identify the \u201cessential form\u201d of sacrifice, and to draw conclusions from that. But even more to the point, such an approach assumes that we can somehow \u201ccapture,\u201d or at least significantly identify the essential elements of the ultimately unapproachable Mystery of God\u2019s trinitarian love for us, and, wonder of wonders, God\u2019s invitation to us to enter into that Mystery.<\/p>\n

Something similar might be said about seeing the Eucharistic Prayer as the essential form of the Eucharist. Careful analysis of the classical Eucharistic Prayers that come to us from patristic antiquity does unveil much of the trinitarian understanding of sacrifice we have been talking about. But some Eucharistic Prayers, or some aspects of them, veil rather than unveil the Mystery. Unfortunately, and this I admit is a point of great contention, the Tridentine Roman Canon is one of those that strongly veils this Mystery. Celebrating regularly in this rite can condition a priest (as I well know from personal experience) to think that he, rather than Christ\/Holy Spirit, is the primary agent of what is taking place (we used to speak of the priest \u201cconfecting\u201d the Eucharist), and can veil from the priest the fact that it is not he but the whole celebrating assembly that is the primary ritual agent.<\/p>\n

A final question: what really, ultimately <\/em>(see my comment on this word above in the second and seventh paragraphs) is taking place? In a word: transformation<\/em>. Through the transformation of the Eucharistic gifts into the Body and Blood of Christ\u2014that takes place through the medium of and in the course of the Eucharistic Prayer and the reception of Communion, the members of the participating assembly are being transformed more completely into the ecclesial Body of Christ and ultimately <\/em>(that word again) into the full Communion of Saints. Without that ultimate transformation at least beginning to take place, some would say that we have Eucharist in name only, but not in reality.<\/p>\n

Robert J. Daly, S.J.
\nBoston College<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Happily, this is no longer something about which informed Protestant and Catholic theologians need to argue. One representative Protestant theologian, on becoming aware of the trinitarian understanding of sacrifice expounded here, was heard to exclaim: \u201cIf we had only known this four hundred years ago we could have saved ourselves a lot of trouble.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,28],"tags":[675,105],"class_list":["post-944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mass","category-pope-benedict-xvi","tag-robert-daly","tag-sacrifice"],"yoast_head":"\nSacrifice by Robert Daly, SJ - Home<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/index.php\/2010\/02\/17\/sacrifice-by-robert-daly-sj\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sacrifice by Robert Daly, SJ - Home\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Happily, this is no longer something about which informed Protestant and Catholic theologians need to argue. 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