{"id":8978,"date":"2011-04-20T10:31:54","date_gmt":"2011-04-20T15:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/?p=8978"},"modified":"2016-11-10T21:20:07","modified_gmt":"2016-11-11T03:20:07","slug":"sr-elizabeth-johnson-cardinal-wuerl-and-fr-raymond-brown","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/index.php\/2011\/04\/20\/sr-elizabeth-johnson-cardinal-wuerl-and-fr-raymond-brown\/","title":{"rendered":"Sr. Elizabeth Johnson, Cardinal Wuerl, and Fr. Raymond Brown"},"content":{"rendered":"

You already know that the USCCB Committee on Doctrine condemned<\/a> the widely-used book Quest for the Living God<\/em> by Sr. Elizabeth Johnson. The board of directors of the Catholic Theological Society of American strongly supported<\/a> Sr. Johnson\u2019s scholarship and raised serious questions about the fairness of the bishops\u2019 condemnation. Then the board of directors of the College Theology Society followed suit<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Grant Gallicho at Commonweal<\/em> wondered if the Committee on Doctrine even read<\/a> the book it condemned. John F. Haught, also at Commonweal, <\/em>argues not only that the bishops misread<\/a> Johnson, but that their argumentation seems to presume a pre-evolutionary view<\/a> of the world. (But see the rejoinder to that<\/a>, also in Commonweal<\/em>, by Brian Davies.)<\/p>\n

Theologians vs. Bishops: this is depressing. It\u2019s starting to look like a case of compelling arguments on one side, appeal to authority on the other. This is bad, very bad, for the future of theological inquiry in the Church, at the service of the faithful and their leaders. It certainly won\u2019t help the Bishops\u2019 credibility as authoritative teachers.<\/p>\n

And now Cardinal Wuerl has written a 13-page letter to the US bishops, a \u201cresource\u201d titled \u201cBishops as Teachers<\/a>.\u201d The emphasis is on the apostolic authority of the bishops, as in this key passage:<\/p>\n

The Church is called \u201capostolic\u201d precisely because she alone can trace her origins to the deposit of faith entrusted to the apostles, the Twelve chosen by Jesus and charged, together with their successors, with the responsibility of teaching the true faith, making sure that it is presented clearly, and applying it to the problems and needs of every age.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

I hope the Cardinal doesn\u2019t mean to say, \u201cSince we don\u2019t have the arguments, let\u2019s insist on our authority,\u201d but it sort of looks like it.<\/p>\n

For now I\u2019ll raise two questions in need of further exploration.<\/p>\n

1. The unbroken chain of bishops as successors to apostles. <\/strong>\u201cBishops as Teachers\u201d grounds the authority of bishops in their being part of an unbroken chain reaching back to the apostles, for example:<\/p>\n

It is only through this uninterrupted tradition, stretching back to the time of the apostles and continued by their successors, the bishops, that we can be sure of the integrity and validity of the Christian faith.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Historical claims regarding an \u201cuninterrupted tradition\u201d must be subject, of course, to the scrutiny of rational historical inquiry. Fr. Raymond Brown spoke for what I think is a broad consensus when he wrote in 1970 in\u00a0Priest and Bishop<\/em> <\/a>(which, btw, has an imprimatur)<\/em>,<\/p>\n

If the Twelve as a group were not primarily missionaries, neither were they bishops\u2026 The fact that the Twelve apostles were not bishops or local church leaders and, in fact, coexisted in Jerusalem with James who was the local church leader, is one reason why exegetes have a difficulty about the bishops being successors to these apostles\u2026 [A]ccording to NT thought there can be no successors to the Twelve as such\u2026 [W]hen the individual members die, they are not replaced; rather, as the founders of the renewed Israel, they are immortalized.\u201d\u00a0 (Paulist Press, 1970, 52, 54, 55)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

I am not denying Catholic teaching on apostolic sucession, any more than Fr. Brown does in his highly nuanced treatment of the historical data. How we understand apostolic succession, however, is another question, the answer to which cannot ignore historical data.<\/p>\n

Christ\u2019s institution of the Twelve, his intention that bishops be their successors, his intention to establish a ministerial priesthood with sacramental powers given by ordination in the unbroken apostolic chain: all these issues involve an interplay between received Church teaching and the data of historical inquiry.<\/p>\n

Perhaps a comparison to the Galileo affair is helpful. The received teaching was that the sun revolves around the earth, that Scripture is historically and scientifically accurate, that Popes and Bishops and Fathers of the Church had rightly interpreted the Scriptures, and that a change in Scriptural interpretation would undermine the authority of the Church.<\/p>\n

What happened, of course, after a crisis in the Church\u2019s self-understanding, is that historical and scientific data led to a deepening in the Church\u2019s understanding of the truth of the Scriptures. The scholarly data led to a paradigm shift. The Scriptures are still true, but not in the way we had thought. Our understanding of Church teaching underwent change, informed by the data of scientific and historical inquiry.<\/p>\n

Similarly, serious engagement with historical data will necessitate a paradigm shift in our understanding of priesthood, episcopate, and magisterium. Catholic teaching on those issues will still be true, but not in the way we had thought. If no one individual was called \u201cpriest\u201d in the Christian community for several decades after the Resurrection, if that usage didn\u2019t set in here and there in until the second century or become common understanding until the third or fourth, then we will still believe Catholic teaching that \u201cChrist instituted the priesthood,\u201d but not in the way we had thought. If the Church didn\u2019t understand Bishops to be successors to the apostles until the second or third century, we will still believe that the our Bishops are sucessors and that they have, by Christ\u2019s intention, a unique role in defining Catholic doctrine, but not in the way we had thought.<\/p>\n

There is nothing controversial in what I cited above from Ray Brown. All this is a commonplace in contemporary biblical and historical scholarship. But the inevitable paradigm shift in our understanding of Catholic doctrine has not yet happened, at least not in statements such as \u201cBishops as Teachers.\u201d Cardinal Wuerl seems to write as if the scholarship of the last forty or fifty years has not happened. This does not help the Bishops\u2019 credibility, nor bode well for the possibility of fruitful interaction between theologians and Bishops.<\/p>\n

The Bishops teach that every use of artificial conception is morally wrong. But as we learned this week, some 98% of US Catholic women disagree<\/a>. Is the Bishops\u2019 long-range plan to keep asserting the teaching on contraception until the laity come around? \u201cIt\u2019s not gonna happen,\u201d I hear some of you saying. I hope, O how I hope, that we\u2019re not heading into a situation where the Bishops condemn books representative of the work of about 98% of theologians, and keep doing so until the theologians come around.<\/p>\n

We\u2019re at an impasse. Frankly, I don\u2019t see a way forward. What needs to happen to move us toward a better future, where our Bishops are our leaders and guides and even heroes? I certainly want that. I want our Bishops to teach authoritatively and credibly.<\/p>\n

2. The purpose of undergraduate theology<\/strong>. \u201cBishops as Teachers\u201d asserts that catechetics since the 1970s has failed to pass on the basics of the faith, and this demands a change in how theology is taught to uninformed Catholic undergraduates. Students don\u2019t have sufficient background to negotiate the wide variety of opinions in the theological academy. Undergrad theology must become catechetical \u2013 that is, it must stick to teaching the basics of the faith to the uncatechized.<\/p>\n

The Cardinal is raising a new topic here, and his proposal has huge implications for academic theology. Now the question isn\u2019t Sr. Johnson\u2019s orthodoxy, but the purpose of undergraduate theology. Would \u201cremedial catechesis\u201d be seen as a legitimate discipline in the wider academic community? Would the entire faculty approve of \u201ccatechetical courses\u201d as general education requirements? What about the non-Catholic students in Catholic schools, sometimes 30% or 50% or more of the student body \u2013 would they be exempt from \u201cCatholic catechesis as theology\u201d courses? Would Catholic students who don\u2019t want religious catechesis be able to opt out?\u00a0Is it pedagogically\u00a0effective with today’s college students to present only an official viewpoint in the theology classroom,\u00a0at a timewhen this pedagogical approach is not used in other disciplines?<\/p>\n

I see a need for serious discussion on what we think the purpose of undergrad theology is.<\/p>\n

* \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0* \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0* \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0* \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*<\/p>\n

Finally, a question. \u201cBishops as Teachers\u201d states,<\/p>\n

Paul tells the Romans, \u201cHow are men to call upon him in whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him of whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without a preacher? And how can men preach unless they are sent?\u201d (Rom 10:14-15).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Why do you suppose the Cardinal uses the old RSV translation ? The Bishops\u2019 own NAB translation of this passage, found at the USCCB website<\/a>, is:<\/p>\n

But how can they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how can they believe in him of whom they have not heard? And how can they hear without someone to preach? And how can people preach unless they are sent?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

We\u2019re at an impasse. Frankly, I don\u2019t see a way forward. What needs to happen to move us toward a better future, where our Bishops are our leaders and guides and even heroes? I certainly want that. I want our Bishops to teach authoritatively and credibly.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1081,1137],"tags":[1245,1242,1243,1244],"class_list":["post-8978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-church-reform","category-teaching-liturgy","tag-cardinal-donal-wuerl","tag-elizabeth-johnson","tag-quest-for-the-living-god","tag-usccb-committee-on-doctrine"],"yoast_head":"\nSr. Elizabeth Johnson, Cardinal Wuerl, and Fr. 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