{"id":43364,"date":"2018-09-30T21:59:51","date_gmt":"2018-10-01T02:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/?p=43364"},"modified":"2018-10-05T10:45:45","modified_gmt":"2018-10-05T15:45:45","slug":"the-liturgical-devotional-shape-of-teaching-classical-christology-to-undergraduates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praytellblog.com\/index.php\/2018\/09\/30\/the-liturgical-devotional-shape-of-teaching-classical-christology-to-undergraduates\/","title":{"rendered":"The Liturgical-Devotional Shape of Teaching Classical Christology to Undergraduates"},"content":{"rendered":"

Teaching theology to undergraduate students as part of a university education involves\u2014to say the least\u2014a few challenges.<\/p>\n

I think all us engaged in this noble task face the difficulties of student interest, general perceptions of the (ir)relevance of the theological enterprise, and religious literacy.<\/p>\n

We all face a cultural context that squeezes university education more and more narrowly into service of the god of the market economy, wherein university education is less about becoming a free person (in the classic liberal arts sense) and more about serving the advancement of American\/corporate interests abroad. In fact, depending on our institutional location, we may have to concerns ourselves with the predilections of financial donors<\/a>. As one senior scholar pointed out a recent conference, we\u2019re at greater risk of being regulated and policed by financial contributors than by bishops.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, among the 130 or so students I meet every semester, I encounter a good number who have some measure of interest in matters related to \u201cthe great questions\u201d of human existence and what they might describe as spiritual and just living. A recent internal report indicates that fewer than 40% of students at my university check the box \u201cCatholic\u201d when asked to select their religion.<\/p>\n

Into this matrix goes a course I have been assigned to teach every fall entitled, \u201cJesus.\u201d In addition to making for a variety of humorous locutions (e.g. \u201cTime to go to Jesus,\u201d \u201cWhat do we have in Jesus tomorrow?,\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m really struggling in Jesus\u201d) the course tends to draw students who need to fulfill their one-course theology requirement and want to do in a relatively benign way. After all, it\u2019s Jesus. And no theological background is required.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s not long into the course that those students find themselves challenged by difficult questions about New Testament exegesis, the development of classical Christological doctrine, quests for the historical Jesus, the Black Christ, inculturation more generally, etc. Some of these questions are inherently interesting to those students who think there is something here to be learned. Some struggle.<\/p>\n

However, the run up to the first four ecumenical councils in the 4th<\/sup> and 5th<\/sup> centuries elicits a twisted eye from most everybody. How on earth, they tend to think, could the nuances of such Greek terms as homo\/homoi ousios<\/em>, physis<\/em>, Theotokos<\/em>, prosopon<\/em>, and hypostasis<\/em> possibly matter? At best, this is hair splitting.<\/p>\n

And once they come to understand that Constantine\u2014with, at the very least, mixed motives\u2014convened Nicaea in 325, they are further puzzled. And in the machinations involved with conciliar creeds and definitions some see confirmation of their suspicion of religions: that defined doctrines are really cover for powerplay, and thus religion is rank with hypocrisy. That last is one of four key words young people associate with religion, according to Putnam and Campbell\u2019s research<\/a>. A quote from a PEW survey<\/a> names the same issue as \u201cToo many Christians doing un-Christian things.\u201d Surely St. Cyril of Alexandria\u2019s move to convene the Council of Ephesus before his brother bishop and theological opponent arrived, and the Council\u2019s subsequent action to condemn in absentia<\/em> Nestorius\u2019s position on the Theotokos<\/em>,\u00a0 fit the bill of the PEW quotation.<\/p>\n

With no endorsement of such backhanded moves, perhaps a little too cynically, I frame them to students as the sorts of things that indicate to us just how much such issues\u2014about seemingly inconsequential matters\u2014mattered to those involved.<\/p>\n

This is not the kind of course in which we could examine Max Johnson\u2019s very fine Praying and Believing in Early Christianity<\/a><\/em>, which carefully unpacks echoes of the lex orandi<\/em> (the Church\u2019s way of praying) in the gradually articulated lex credenda <\/em>(the Church\u2019s doctrines about belief). It\u2019s not quite at these students\u2019 level. But the general approach of the text is salutary for teaching young people about early Christological development. If patterns of devotion to Jesus emerge early on in the Christian experience (I think that Larry Hurtado<\/a> has demonstrated successfully that they do) and continue to develop throughout the following decades and centuries, then liturgical and devotional practices are inherent to the Christological debates. If Nestorius\u2019s position against the Theotokos<\/em> undercuts a widespread practice of Christian prayer (as Johnson shows), then Ephesus, warts and all, is about protecting that practice. Worship is then key to unlocking why the specifics of these debates mattered so much.<\/p>\n

Johnson tells us that unlike the Theotokos<\/em> controversy addressed at Ephesus in 431, \u201cwith regard to the role of liturgy at Chalcedon [451]\u2026 very little can be said\u201d (94). As a conclusion about the historical sources available, I do not doubt Johnson\u2019s point. However, if we take the cumulative effect of Christological doctrine cum Christian worship\/devotion, Chalcedon\u2019s definition bespeaks what has to be said about Christ. Only if Christ\u2019s humanity and divinity are not engaged in a zero-sum game can we do justice our foundational sacramental-devotional practice.<\/p>\n

Let me say just a bit more about that last point. Nestorius\u2019s position on the Theotokos<\/em>, to simplify, was that the title should not be granted to Mary because it suggests that she\u2019s the source of God. But in addition to the developed devotional cult, the problem with Nestorius\u2019s position was that it pulled apart Christ\u2019s two natures, human and divine. In order for Mary to be simply the mother of the human Christ, that humanity had to be separated from Christ\u2019s divinity.<\/p>\n

After Ephesus, Eutyches declared that Jesus\u2019s human nature was enveloped by his divine nature as \u201ca drop of honey in the sea.\u201d Both Nestorius\u2019s and Eutyches\u2019s approach to the relationship between Christ\u2019s human and divine natures were deemed inadequate at Chalcedon, which delivered that classical definition of Christ as one person whose two natures (divine and human) cannot be separated, divided, confused, or changed.<\/p>\n

In essence, then, the key to Chalcedon is that divine action and human action are not in competition. They operate on different levels of \u201caction.\u201d And it seems to me that this point is essential to liturgical imagination\u2014it\u2019s not more God and less humans or less God and more humans that makes liturgy efficacious. Rather, it\u2019s aligning our human action with the divine work of the liturgy that forms us into the kinds of people who align our action with the grain of the universe. Or, more specifically, align our charity with that of the poor crucified Son, so that we become more (not less!) free. Even though, unlike Christ, we fail and struggle at that. Sometimes we do so in disastrous ways. Of course, the Theotokos <\/em>herself made a fully free act of consent to God\u2019s will that she mother His Son and sang out of the radical implications (cf. Luke 2:38-55).<\/p>\n

In addition to their (legitimate) skepticism about hypocrisy, young people tend to see belief and practice as deeply distinct. It\u2019s this sensibility that shapes and is shaped by the continued growth of those who describe themselves as spiritual, but not religious<\/a>. Helping students to see that the practice of worship is primary in early Christological development, demonstrates that doctrinal formation was not merely arbitrary, but it also shows them a viable way in which practice can, and often does, precede belief.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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